[2] White phosphorus is pyrophoric (self-ignites on contact with air), burns fiercely, and can ignite cloth, fuel, ammunition, and other combustibles. If that is the purpose for which the white phosphorus is used, then that is considered under the convention legitimate use. [93], Phosphorus is an essential macromineral for plants, which is studied extensively in edaphology to understand plant uptake from soil systems. Be arrested (if necessary)", "Managing Phosphorus for Crop Production", "Phosphorus Necrosis of the Jaw: A Present-day Study: With Clinical and Biochemical Studies", "A history of the match industry. Particles often can be located by their emission of smoke when air strikes them, or by their phosphorescence in the dark. An additional advantage for hand smoke grenades—which are more likely to be used in an emergency—is that the WP smoke clouds form in a fraction of a second. 2(a). Copper sulfate may produce kidney and cerebral toxicity as well as intravascular hemolysis."[104]. POCl 3 is highly soluble in chloroform, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, and carbon disulfide. For more general information, see, World War I, the inter-war period and World War II, The Tunnels of Cu Chi; 2005 Tom Mangold and John Penycate, Tunnel Rat in Vietnam; 2012 Gordon L Rothman, Allotropes of phosphorus § White phosphorus, Azerbaijan National Agency for Mine Action, Prosecutor General's Office of Azerbaijan, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, "Violence subsides for Marines in Fallujah", Violence subsides for Marines in Fallujah, "U.S. In the pilot episode of Breaking Bad, red phosphorus powder is seen twice. In the interwar years, the US Army trained using white phosphorus, by artillery shell and air bombardment. When the carbon disulfide evaporated, the phosphorus would burst into flames. Greenwood, N. N.; & Earnshaw, A. However, copper sulfate is toxic and its use will be discontinued. In dark surroundings, fragments are seen as luminescent spots. This mixture was known as "Fenian fire". Such matches are difficult to ignite on any surface other than a special strip. The report states that at no time did IDF forces have the objective of inflicting any harm on the civilian population. [12], In April 2004, during the First Battle of Fallujah, Darrin Mortenson of California's North County Times reported that US forces had used white phosphorus as an incendiary weapon while "never knowing what the targets were or what damage the resulting explosions caused". [99] A table of the old and new adult Daily Values is provided at Reference Daily Intake. [15] The March/April 2005 issue of an official Army publication called Field Artillery magazine reported that "White phosphorus proved to be an effective and versatile munition and a potent psychological weapon against the insurgents in trench lines and spider holes. The US Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry has set an acute inhalation Minimum Risk Level (MRL) for white phosphorus smoke of 0.02 mg/m3, the same as fuel-oil fumes. [35] The Israeli government report further stated that smoke screening projectiles were the majority of the munitions containing white phosphorus employed by the IDF and that these were very effective in that role. For children ages 4–10 years the AI is 440 mg/day, for ages 11–17 640 mg/day. In consequence, the 'strike-anywhere' matches were gradually replaced by 'safety matches', wherein the white phosphorus was replaced by phosphorus sesquisulfide (P4S3), sulfur, or antimony sulfide. US Sherman tanks carried the M64, a 75mm white phosphorus round intended for screening and artillery spotting, but tank crews found it useful against German tanks such as the Panther that their APC ammunition could not penetrate at long range. White phosphorus is believed to have been first used by Fenian (Irish nationalist) arsonists in the 19th century, in the form of a solution in carbon disulfide.When the carbon disulfide evaporated, the phosphorus would burst into flames. Consequently, the smoke screen tends to rise off the ground relatively quickly and form aerial "pillars" of smoke which are of little use for screening. [14] Biochemists commonly use the abbreviation "Pi" to refer to inorganic phosphate. It is believed that eight or nine men in this group, known as the Sydney Twelve, had been framed by the police. Smoke from rounds fired directly at German tanks would be used to blind them, allowing the Shermans to close to a range where their armour-piercing rounds were effective. They are often described as smoke/marker rounds due to their secondary function of marking points of interest, such as a light mortar being used to designate a target area for artillery spotters. ... We fired 'shake and bake' missions at the insurgents using W.P. Water fluoridation enhances the resistance of teeth to decay by the partial conversion of this mineral to the still harder material called fluoroapatite:[14], In medicine, phosphate deficiency syndrome may be caused by malnutrition, by failure to absorb phosphate, and by metabolic syndromes that draw phosphate from the blood (such as in refeeding syndrome after malnutrition[92]) or passing too much of it into the urine. Red Phosphorus. It also called for serious consideration to be given to the banning of its use in built-up areas. Fluorophosphate esters are among the most potent neurotoxins known. [76], While in general white phosphorus is an industrial chemical not subject to restriction, certain uses in weaponry are banned or restricted by general international laws: in particular, those related to incendiary devices.[77]. The manual suggests instead "a bicarbonate solution to neutralise phosphoric acid, which will then allow removal of visible white phosphorus. Most inorganic phosphates are relatively nontoxic and essential nutrients. [106] For this reason, red and white phosphorus were designated by the United States Drug Enforcement Administration as List I precursor chemicals under 21 CFR 1310.02 effective on November 17, 2001. Part 9", "Industrial disease due to certain poisonous fumes or gases", Phosphorus Cycle – Terrestrial Phosphorus Cycle, Transport of Phosphorus, "Enzymatic Synthesis of Acetyl Phosphate", "Refeeding syndrome: what it is, and how to prevent and treat it", "Calcium, Phosphorus and Human Bone Development", "Overview on Dietary Reference Values for the EU population as derived by the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies", "Federal Register May 27, 2016 Food Labeling: Revision of the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels. Diskowski, Herbert and Hofmann, Thomas (2005) "Phosphorus" in, CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, Klaus Schrödter, Gerhard Bettermann, Thomas Staffel, Friedrich Wahl, Thomas Klein, Thomas Hofmann "Phosphoric Acid and Phosphates" in. DO NOT apply oily-based ointments until it is certain that all WP has been removed. [83] The international Berne Convention, ratified in 1906, prohibited the use of white phosphorus in matches. White phosphorus is believed to have been first used by Fenian (Irish nationalist) arsonists in the 19th century, in the form of a solution in carbon disulfide. 76 or Special Incendiary Phosphorus grenade, which consisted of a glass bottle filled with a mixture similar to Fenian fire, plus some latex. Too much phosphate can lead to diarrhoea and calcification (hardening) of organs and soft tissue, and can interfere with the body's ability to use iron, calcium, magnesium, and zinc. The convention defines a "toxic chemical" as a substance "which through its chemical action on life processes can cause death, temporary incapacitation or permanent harm to humans or animals" (CWC, II). ), Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann. [44][45] The Afghan government later launched an investigation into the use of white phosphorus munitions. Later in the episode, he mixes the red phosphorus powder with water to maim Krazy-8 and Emilio Koyama by generating phosphine gas. [37] The Government of Israel issued an initial response rejecting the findings of the Goldstone report. [60][61] Azerbaijani authorities had also stated that the Armenian forces were transporting white phosphorus into the region. Phosphorus is a limiting factor in many ecosystems; that is, the scarcity of phosphorus limits the rate of organism growth. 6th ed.Vol 1: Federal Republic of Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. 2003 to Present, p. This compound can behave like a Lewis base by forming adducts with several Lewis acids (titanium tetrachloride, for example). Red phosphorus is polymeric in structure. Weight-for-weight, phosphorus is the most effective smoke-screening agent known,[66] for two reasons: first, it absorbs most of the screening mass from the surrounding atmosphere and secondly, the smoke particles are actually an aerosol, a mist of liquid droplets which are close to the ideal range of sizes for Mie scattering of visible light. The phosphorus content increases from about 0.5 weight% in infancy to 0.65–1.1 weight% in adults. In a 2005 interview with RAI, Peter Kaiser, spokesman for the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons[80] (an organization overseeing the CWC and reporting directly to the UN General Assembly), discussed cases where use of WP would potentially fall under the auspices of the CWC: No it's not forbidden by the CWC if it is used within the context of a military application that does not require or does not intend to use the toxic properties of white phosphorus. [22] [32] The soldiers who ordered the attack were later reprimanded for violating the IDF rules of engagement. The element with the lower group number is written first in the name; the element with the higher group number is written second in the name. Professor Paul Rodgers from the University of Bradford department of peace studies said that white phosphorus would probably fall into the category of chemical weapons if it was used directly against people. White phosphorus grenades were used in Vietnam for destroying Viet Cong tunnel complexes as they would burn up all oxygen and suffocate the enemy soldiers sheltering inside. In addition to its offensive capabilities, white phosphorus is a highly efficient smoke-producing agent, reacting with air to produce an immediate blanket of phosphorus pentoxide vapor. RDA for pregnancy and lactation are also 700 mg/day. (1997). Inorganic Chemistry, Fifth Edition. [64] The next day, Armenia's human rights defender, Arman Tatoyan, stated that civilians were hiding in the forest.[65]. The White Phosphorus Matches Prohibition Act, 1908. At levels of 5 mg/m3, phosphorus is immediately dangerous to life and health. [high explosives] to take them out". It also absorbs infrared radiation, allowing it to defeat thermal imaging systems. In the case of weapons using felt-impregnated submunitions, incomplete combustion may occur resulting in up to 15% of the WP content remaining unburned. hydrogenated sulfur sulfur hydride hydrogen sulfide hydrogen disulfide 8. The documentary Fallujah, The Hidden Massacre, produced by RAI TV, claimed that Iraqi civilians, including women and children, had died of burns caused by white phosphorus during the assault on Fallujah. On detonation of the bursting charge, the canister deploys 116 three-quarter inch, quarter-circle wedges of felt impregnated with 12.75 pounds of WP, producing a smokescreen lasting 5–10 minutes depending on weather conditions. [95] The European Food Safety Authority reviewed the same safety question and decided that there was not sufficient information to set a UL.[96]. Phosphorus burns carry an increased risk of mortality due to the absorption of phosphorus into the body through the burned area with prolonged contact, which can result in liver, heart and kidney damage, and in some cases multiple organ failure. Compare Products: Select up to 4 products. 2010, 132, 8459. The appearance of this cloud forming is easily recognised; one sees a shower of burning particles spraying outward, followed closely by distinctive streamers of white smoke, which rapidly coalesce into a fluffy, very pure white cloud (unless illuminated by a coloured light source). Israel said that its use of these munitions was permitted under international conventions. The term "unnecessary suffering" is defined through use of a proportionality test, comparing the anticipated military advantage of the weapon's use to the amount of suffering potentially caused. *Please select more than one item to compare Other approaches include WP soaked felt pads (which also burn more slowly, and pose a reduced risk of incendiarism) and PWP, or plasticised white phosphorus. [24], In its early statements regarding the Gaza War of 2008–2009, the Israeli military denied using WP entirely, saying "The IDF acts only in accordance with what is permitted by international law and does not use white phosphorus. The Chemistry of Phosphorus, by Arthur Toy. [73] In some cases, injury is limited to areas of exposed skin because the smaller WP particles do not burn completely through personal clothing before being consumed. For other uses, see, waxy white (yellow cut), red (granules centre left, chunk centre right), and violet phosphorus, WP, (white phosphorus), exhibits chemoluminescence upon exposure to air and if there is any WP in the wound, covered by tissue or fluids such as blood serum, it will not glow until it is exposed to air, which requires a very dark room and dark-adapted eyes to see clearly, B. M. Cossairt, C. C. Cummins, A. R. Head, D. L. Lichtenberger, R. J. F. Berger, S. A. Hayes, N. W. Mitzel, G. Wu, J. Cellular membranes are composed of a phospholipid matrix and proteins, typically in the form of a bilayer. 00-044 … [14][76], Phosphorus is also an important component in steel production, in the making of phosphor bronze, and in many other related products. [42], There are confirmed cases of white phosphorus burns on bodies of civilians wounded during US-Taliban clashes near Bagram. These were improvised anti-tank weapons, hastily fielded in 1940 when the British were awaiting a potential German invasion after losing the bulk of their modern armaments in the Dunkirk evacuation. [13][14] In November 2004, during the Second Battle of Fallujah, Washington Post reporters embedded with Task Force 2-2, Regimental Combat Team 7 stated that they witnessed artillery guns firing white phosphorus projectiles. Search results for phosphorus at Sigma-Aldrich. [17][75], Sodium tripolyphosphate made from phosphoric acid is used in laundry detergents in some countries, but banned for this use in others. A binary covalent compound is composed of two different elements (usually nonmetals). Walter White first synthesizes methamphetamine through the Nagai route, using red phosphorus and iodine to reduce pseudoephedrine. [75] There are no documented instances of fatalities from smoke inhalation alone under combat conditions. Bicarbonate solution is applied to the wound to neutralise any build-up of phosphoric acid, followed by removal of any remaining visible fragments: these are easily observed as they are luminescent in dark surroundings. Phospholipids are the main structural components of all cellular membranes. People can be exposed to phosphorus in the workplace by inhalation, ingestion, skin contact, and eye contact. The only one fielded was the Grenade, No. To confirm the coexistence of phosphorus and carbon in various P/C composites, the XRD was primarily employed to identify their microstructures, as shown in Fig. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, submerged-arc furnace for phosphorus production, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)", "Triple-Bond Reactivity of Diphosphorus Molecules", "Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1956 – Presentation Speech by Professor A. Ölander (committee member)", "Phosphorus Topics page, at Lateral Science", "The NUBASE2016 evaluation of nuclear properties", "Astronomers reveal interstellar thread of one of life's building blocks", "Phosphate Rock: Statistics and Information", "You Need Phosphorus to Live—and We're Running Out", "Chemical Bonding in Higher Main Group Elements", "Experts Warn of Impending Phosphorus Crisis", "Reconsideration of the planetary boundary for phosphorus", "Scientists warn of lack of vital phosphorus as biofuels raise demand", "Be persuasive. The Royal Air Force based in Iraq also used white phosphorus bombs in Anbar Province during the Iraqi revolt of 1920.[5]. [14], The white phosphorus allotrope presents a significant hazard because it ignites in air and produces phosphoric acid residue. [43] In May 2009, Colonel Gregory Julian, a spokesman for General David McKiernan, the overall commander of US and NATO forces in Afghanistan, confirmed that Western military forces in Afghanistan use white phosphorus in order to illuminate targets or as an incendiary to destroy bunkers and enemy equipment. All are characterised by hypophosphatemia, which is a condition of low levels of soluble phosphate levels in the blood serum and inside the cells. The first striking match with a phosphorus head was invented by Charles Sauria in 1830. [white phosphorus] to flush them out and H.E. As a rule, if a diet has sufficient protein and calcium, the amount of phosphorus is probably sufficient. [35], Head of the UN Fact Finding Mission Justice Richard Goldstone presented the report of the Mission to the Human Rights Council in Geneva on 29 September 2009. [47] NKR foreign ministry and Armenia defence ministry dismiss it as a falsification and distortion of the reality. The British Army introduced the first factory-built white phosphorus grenades in late 1916 during the First World War. George Monbiot stated that he believed the firing of white phosphorus by US forces directly at the combatants in Fallujah in order to flush them out so they could then be killed was in contravention of the Chemical Weapons Convention and, therefore, a war crime. The strip contains red phosphorus that heats up upon striking, reacts with the oxygen-releasing compound in the head, and ignites the flammable material of the head. In 1940, when the Nazi invasion of the British home islands seemed imminent, the phosphorus firm of Albright and Wilson suggested that the British government use a material similar to Fenian fire in several expedient incendiary weapons. Because of the great weight efficiency of WP smoke, it is particularly suited for applications where weight is highly restricted, such as hand grenades and mortar bombs. [49] Azerbaijani Military Prosecutor's Office initiated a criminal case upon the finding. [71] Incandescent particles from weapons using powdered white phosphorus as their payload produce extensive partial- and full-thickness burns, as will any attempt to handle burning submunitions without protective equipment. FR page 33982", "Daily Value Reference of the Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD)", "FDA provides information about dual columns on Nutrition Facts label", "Industry Resources on the Changes to the Nutrition Facts Label", Phosphorus in diet: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia, "CBRNE – Incendiary Agents, White Phosphorus (Smoking Stool Syndrome)", "US Navy's Treatment of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries: FM8-285: Part 2 Conventional Military Chemical Injuries", "CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Phosphorus (yellow)", "21 USC, Chapter 13 (Controlled Substances Act)", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus&oldid=1006085377, Biology and pharmacology of chemical elements, Articles with dead external links from March 2018, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, waxy white, yellow, red, violet, black metallic-looking, red: ≈689.2–863 K ​(≈416–590 °C, ​≈780.8–1094 °F), Manufacturing of additives and pesticides, Phosphates are used to make special glasses for, Phosphoric acid made from elemental phosphorus is used in food applications such as, This page was last edited on 10 February 2021, at 23:37. This mixture was known as "Fenian fire".[3]. [73], Burning white phosphorus produces a hot, dense, white smoke consisting mostly of phosphorus pentoxide in aerosol form. At the start of the Normandy campaign, 20% of American 81 mm mortar ammunition consisted of M57 point-detonating bursting smoke rounds using WP filler. You need sand but we do not have any sand in the compound. It can be viewed as a derivative of P 4 — one of the P-P bonds is broken, and one additional bond is formed between the neighboring tetrahedrons, resulting in a chain-like structure. [47] On May 11, Azerbaijan's Defense Ministry jointly with the Foreign Ministry invited military attaches from 13 countries to visit the territory in the Askipara village where the Defense Ministry claims to have found a white phosphorus munition fired by Armenian forces. Processing phosphate minerals with sulfuric acid for obtaining fertiliser is so important to the global economy that this is the primary industrial market for sulfuric acid and the greatest industrial use of elemental sulfur. Soc. Some countries have begun using red phosphorus instead. Calcium phosphate salts assist in stiffening bones. It is an incendiary. "[25] Numerous reports from human rights groups during the war indicated that WP shells were being used by Israeli forces in populated areas. Hydroxyapatite is the main component of tooth enamel. Rule 1. These matches (and subsequent modifications) were made with heads of white phosphorus, an oxygen-releasing compound (potassium chlorate, lead dioxide, or sometimes nitrate), and a binder. The United States has accused Taliban militants of using white phosphorus weapons illegally on at least 44 occasions. Surgical debridement around the wound is used to avoid fragments too small to detect causing later systemic failure, with further treatment proceeding as with a thermal burn. Various disadvantages of WP are discussed below, but one which is particular to smoke-screening is "pillaring". These AIs are lower than the U.S RDAs. [73] The smoke is more dangerous in enclosed spaces, where it can cause asphyxiation and permanent respiratory damage. [48] The usage of phosphorus munition by the Armenian military was also reported by Al Jazeera. The main food sources for phosphorus are the same as those containing protein, although proteins do not contain phosphorus. [16][18][21], During the 2006 Israel–Lebanon conflict, Israel said that it had used phosphorus shells "against military targets in open ground" in south Lebanon. Am. By contrast, the chemical weapon mustard gas is 30 times more potent: 0.0007 mg/m3. [107] In the United States, handlers of red or white phosphorus are subject to stringent regulatory controls.[107][108][109]. SiO₂ is found in sand, glass, and quartz. [10][11] According to GlobalSecurity.org, during the Battle of Grozny during the First Chechen War in Chechnya, every fourth or fifth Russian artillery or mortar shell fired was a smoke or white phosphorus shell. [77][78] Phosphorus is added to metallic copper during its smelting process to react with oxygen present as an impurity in copper and to produce phosphorus-containing copper (CuOFP) alloys with a higher hydrogen embrittlement resistance than normal copper.[79]. Chemistry of the Elements (2nd Edn. Natural Biochemical Cycles - carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles: Molecular Polarity - Electrostatic Potential, Simple Inorganics, Organic Functional Groups: Carbonyls - Aldehydes and Ketones Carbohydrates I - Monosaccharides; Carbohydrates II - Di-, Polysaccharides [91] An adult with healthy diet consumes and excretes about 1–3 grams of phosphorus per day, with consumption in the form of inorganic phosphate and phosphorus-containing biomolecules such as nucleic acids and phospholipids; and excretion almost exclusively in the form of phosphate ions such as H2PO−4 and HPO2−4. [6] Smoke was also used for "silhouetting" enemy vehicles, with rounds dropped behind them to produce a better contrast for gunnery. This effect has been likened to three dimensional textured privacy glass—the smoke cloud does not obstruct an image, but thoroughly scrambles it. Article 1 of Protocol III of the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons defines an incendiary weapon as "any weapon or munition which is primarily designed to set fire to objects or to cause burn injury to persons through the action of flame, heat, or combination thereof, produced by a chemical reaction of a substance delivered on the target". The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set the phosphorus exposure limit (Permissible exposure limit) in the workplace at 0.1 mg/m3 over an 8-hour workday. Average phosphorus concentration in the blood is about 0.4 g/L, about 70% of that is organic and 30% inorganic phosphates. AI and UL defined the same as in United States. [68] Because the WP smoke is formed from fairly hot combustion, the gasses in the cloud are hot, and tend to rise. [81][82] Production in several countries was banned between 1872 and 1925. [74], White phosphorus is widely used to make organophosphorus compounds through intermediate phosphorus chlorides and two phosphorus sulfides, phosphorus pentasulfide and phosphorus sesquisulfide. A UN spokesperson indicated that there were difficulties in extinguishing the fires, stating "You can’t put it [white phosphorus] out with traditional methods such as fire extinguishers. The convention also exempts certain categories of munitions from its definition of incendiary weapons: specifically, these are munitions which "may have incidental incendiary effects, such as illuminants, tracers, smoke or signalling systems" and those "designed to combine penetration, blast or fragmentation effects with an additional incendiary effect. Following complete removal of the particles, treat the lesions as thermal burns.

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